SOAR (Spring, 2005)

WEEK 4
The 20th Century
The Last Tsar and the Russian Revolution

ASSIGNMENT 4:

Visit this multi-media site and learn about some of the events of Soviet History. Pay particular attention to the years 1917-1939. N.B. Be sure and explore the topics in the drop down boxes:

• *Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Copyright © Russian Source Book Project Grant 2003.

Listen to some of these suggested multi-media lectures from the series A History of Russia by Professor Michael Petrovich (recorded in 1987 before the Soviet Union dissolved), published on the web site of the Center for Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (N.B.: You will need Realplayer 5.0 to listen and view the lectures):

• 1905 Revolution (15:00 min.)
  
• Period of the Duma (14:33 min.)
  
• The Russian Socialists (12:27 min.)
  
• Lenin (14:31 min.)
  
• Bolsheviks (10:23 min.)
  
• World War I (12:18 min.)
  
• February Revolution (19:17 min.)
  
• Dual Power (14:42 min.)
  
• October Revolution (14:02)
  

SUPPLEMENTARY LINKS:

Skip to...

Turn of the Century; End of an Era
Nicholas and Alexandra
The Lead-Up to Revolution
The Russian Revolution
The Aftermath of Revolution
The Aftermath of Revolution - The Arts
Stalin Comes to Power

Turn of the Century; End of an Era

• End of an Era - general
  *"Silver Age" City (Turn-of-the-Century St. Petersburg. Page from The History of St. Petersburg. From Saint-Petersburg.com.

• End of an Era - photos
  *Saint Petersburg: 1900. A photographic catalog (50 photos) of the capital of Imperial Russia. Page by Bob Atchison.
  *Russian Empire in Photographs. From www@alphoto.ru. [Over 1,000 photos to look at!]
  The Russian Empire, 1895-1910. About 15 photographs from the collection at the University of California, Riverside.
  The Path to Revolution. From the official site of the Russian National Tourist Office.
  Pre-Revolutionary Photo Gallery. From "Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg."
  *Amaizing [sic] St. Petersburg. Note on the Neoclassical period in Russian architecture. Up to the beginning of 20th century. (Page design by KLODS Hans.)

• End of an Era - Memoirs
  St. Petersburg: The Imperial City in 1894. Read this installment and the other five chapters (note navigation bar to the left on the site). Account written by E. Melchior de Vogue in 1894 and posted on the "Alexander Palace: Time Machine" site.
  Memories of the Russian Court. An online book book about Romanov Russia by Anna Vyrubova. From the Alexander Palace site. [Fascinating!]
  

• Russian art of the early 20th century (Realism. Symbolism. Avant Garde. Constructivism.)
  *Russian Painting of the 20th Century. Pictures and text © Alexander Boguslawski.
  *Russian Realism. The first of 11 pages showing the changes in the visual arts (beginning with realism) from the end of the 19th cent. into the early 20th century. [Follow these pages through from beginning to the part on Russian Stage Design.] Faculty web page from Northwestern University.
  *Russian Avant-Garde Art. Sources, books, links, etc. From [See especially the Avantgarde Index of the Painters and the Avantgarde Index of Others. Follow some of the links.] From I. Pritzker.
  Doorway to Dreamers. Russian Avant Garde art. Pictures.
  Russian Avant-Garde Art. Visit each artist's personal gallery. (Send digital postcards.) From Myrto Lazopoulou.

• Benois
  Parade Under Paul I. 1907 painting in the Russian Museum collection.
  Stage design for "Petrushka" 1, 1911. From the Russian Art page (Auburn U.)
  Stage design for "Petrushka" 2, 1911. From Russian Art page (Auburn U.)
  Stage design for "Petrushka", 1912. From Russian Art page (Auburn U.)

• Russian Theater in St. Petersburg
  Early Twentieth-Century Russian Theater. Great site with information on plays, designers, directors and impressarios, and various art movements. From Northwestern.edu.
  *Russian Stage Design, 1906-1930. Faculty web page from Northewestern University. Pictures plus text.
  Russian Drama. Brief introduction to Russian Modernist Theatre.

• The Avante Garde in Music
  The Forgotten Avant Garde: Soviet Composers Crushed by Stalin. Article by Andrew J. Horton. Central Europe Review (Vol.1, No.1: June 1999)
  Prokofief: Prisoner of the State. By Ian MacDonald.
  Music Under Soviet Rule. Southern Illinois University.
  Soviet Composers. By author and symphony (includes some MP3 fragments). From Onno van Rijen.

• The Avant garde writers/poets and groups
  The Avantgarde Index: Poets and Writers. List of writers, a little bit about their work and links to sites on them.
  Symbolism Faculty page from Northwestern University.
  Modern Russian Poetry: A Portrait Gallery. Pictures presented by Gregory Freidin at Stanord University. (Includes links to some of these poets' writings.)
  The Acmeists. Gumilev. Akhmatova. Mandel'shtam. Also a little general information on Acmeism. (Includes some of the poems of these poets.)
  The Futurists. Some links to futurist poets (Mayakovsky. Khlebnikov and their poetry). From Lindsay Malcolm.
  

• The Stray Dog [cafe]
  *The St Petersburg Legacy: A portrait of a city through its poetry and music. Article by Andrew J Horton.

• Blok
  Aleksandr Blok. Picture, brief note and links to three poems ("On the field of Kulikovo," "Muse," "The Stranger"). From the page "Silver Age of Russian Poetry.
  

• Akhmatova
  
  • Poems
    *Anna Andreevna Akhmatova. Timeline of her life, pictures, bilingual edition of her poems (some of them read). From The Poet Page.
    "In Memory of M.B.". Poem dedicated to Mikhail Bulgakov. (Read by Stanley Kunitz). On the Academy of American Poets home page. This poem is explained on another site, maintained by Felice Aull, Ph.D., New York University.
    Akhmatova. Links to sites that have translations of Akhmatova's poems. From Deep Waters.
    Anna Akhmatova Biography, the "Last Rose" and links. From Michael David Coffey. Includes photographs.
    
  • Portraits
    Portrait of Anna Akhmatova (1914). By Nathan Altman. On George Mitrevski's site at Suburn University.
    Portrait of Anna Akhmatova, 1922. By the artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. On George Mitrevski's site at Auburn University.
    
  • On Akhmatova
    *Anna Andreevna Akhmatova. From the Ends to the Beginning. Includes a time line of Akhmatova's life, links to sound files and bilingual texts, links to other sites on Akhmatova. (Poet Page of www.russianpoet.net.)
    Anna Akhmatova. A little information, several poems (in translation), and a few links from Liz Keslo.
    The Anna Akhmatova Museum at Fountain House. Some information about Akhmatova and where she lived. Including information on Anna Akmatova in Portraits by her Contemporaries. Homepage of Fountain House.
    Akhmatova, Anna. A short biography of this poet. From the Odessa site.
    Anna Akhmatova. A short biography from the Academy of American Poets home page. (Also a link to the poem "In Memory of M.B." read by S. Kunitz. and some other links to Akhmatova sites).
    Anna Akhmatova. A brief note and bigliography. From Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto.
    The Places of Anna Akhmatova. Student web project by Ken Okoth.
    

• Gumilev
  N. S. Gumilev. Biography, pictures, bilingual edition of his poems (some of them read). From the Poet Page.
  Nickolay Gumilev. Page with a picture (text, however, is in Russian).
  Nikolai Gumilev. Links to his poems (in English translation): "A Streetcar Gone Astray" and "The Giraffe", plus a short intro to his life. Site "The Silver Age of Russian Poetry" created by Lindsay Malcolm.

Nicholas and Alexandra

• Nicholas and Alexandra
  Nicholas and Alexandra. Exhibition site (Mobile, Alabama) for Broughton International and the State Hermitage Museum.
  Nicholas and Alexandra Romanova. Fan's page.
  The Last Imperial Family of Russia. Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999 Pedro Matias (Lots of informaiton; page is currently being updated).
  *Nicholas and Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia. Exhibit in Mobile Alabama mounted by Broughton International and the State Hermitage Museum.

• The Tsar at Tsarskoe Selo
  (Revisit these sites)
  *The State Museum "Tzarskoie Selo". New site from Russia. Includes history, restoration information, notes on the collections, exhibits, cultural and recreational programs, ceremonies. You can search the site too.
  *Alexander Palace Time Machine. (See the links at the bottom of the page.) Tour the palace of the last Tsar of Russia, Nikolas II, and his family in the town of Tsarskoe Selo outside St. Petersburg. Includes a history of the Romanov family, biographies of those in the palace, photos of the family, and more.
  *Tsarskoe Selo. History. Pictures and descriptions of the palace and the park, the town, links to other sites, map. From Bob Atchison.
  *The Great Catherine Palace of Tsarskoe selo. Actually built for another Catherine, but Catherine the Great loved this palace and stayed there often. Tour the palace room by room; learn the history of the place. [One of those great pages brought to you by Bob Atchison!]
  

• Imperial Art (Jewels; decor, Faberge eggs, etc.)
  (Revisit these sites)
  *Jewels of the Romanovs. Highlights of the Exhibit: "Treasures and of the Tsars," "Costumes and Portraits," "Church Treasures."
  *Russian Imperial Style. An Introduction to the decorative arts of Russia. Site sponsored by A La Vieille Russie.
  *Faberge Eggs: Mementos of a Doomed Dynasty. PBS page. [Fabulous site]
  Imperial Easter Eggs. Sponsored by A La Vielle Russie. [Beautiful!]
  ...The Faberge Egg "Vilnius"...and other modern Faberge eggs. [Yes, they are still making them!]
  Faberge. A brief history of the eggs. Simons in Clayton.
  View the Eggs in this collection. Some of the Faberge eggs from the Forbes collection on view. [The Faberge eggs from Russia were returned to Russia recently.]
  Faberge. Pages of imperial, military, silver & enamel art works, including those in the Faberge style.
  The Faberge Experience. Site by Bruce Schulman.
  

• The Last Days of the Imperial Family
  The Romanovs: A Royal Family. ©Copyright 2000 Jane Kuo.
  The Romanovs: The Doomed Dynasty. From Corie Hurley.
  The Unofficial Nicholas and Alexandra Romanov Home Page. [anon. source]
  The First Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov Home Page. From "Paco."
  Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibit. Opened in Mobile, Alabama (June 12- Nov.14, 1999). Go to the "Exhibition Sitemap" to see how this exhibit will be set up.

• The Death of Nicholas and Alexandra and family
  "Where is Anastasia?". LawBuzz.com © 1999 Bos & Glazier, PLC.
  *Death of a Dynasty. From the BBC. Includes links to other sites.
  Exploring Anastasia. From the BBC News.Another section of the above site.
  Ipatiev House: The Romanov Memorial. Copyright 1999-2001 Romanov-Memorial.
  Royal Russia. Brief history of the family. Links to other sites. From the Imperial Russian Historical Society.
  

• The Burial of Nicholas and Alexandra and family
  *Romanovs Laid to Rest. From the BBC. Includes these TV coverage clips:
  
  • BBC's Jim Fish reports from St. Petersburg.
    
  • Listen to the songs of remembrance inside the cathedral.
    
  • The BBC's Alan Little: "The Service will not even mention the names of the royal family".
    
  • Andrew Harding reports on the controversy surrounding the tsar's burial".
    
  Funeral of the Last Imperial Family. July 17, 1998 - The BBC.
  Royal Funeral: The Czar's Russian Rites. Several pictures, information on the DNA of the bones debate. From CBC radio.
  *Romanovs Remembered. July 17, 1998. The News Hour with Jim Leher. Includes a link to the real audio version of this site. [17 min.].
  Photo of the Bones of Czar Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra. Along with a dozen or so links to more information about the burial. From the home page of Sam Sloan.

• The "Pretenders"
  Tsarevich Alexei: Lenin's Greatest Secret . Claim that Alexis survived. "Proof" of that in a lengthy text (37pp!) with pictures from J. Kendrick 1997.
  Anastasia is unquestionably the greatest movie of its kind ever made. Page tells how the movie differs from fact. With lots of links. From Sam Sloan.
  Anastasia: The Unmasking of Anna Anderson. Father Nektarios Serfes.

• The Canonization of Nicholas and Alexandra and their family
  Canonization of Nicholas II. From the Public Opinion Foundation Database.
  The Holy Canonization And Glorification of Tsar Nicholas II And Family In Russia. Compiled by Father Demetrios Serfes.
  Report of the Holy Synod Commission on the Canonization of Saints with Respect to the Martyrdom of the Royal Family. Published on the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate site (Moscow, 1996).
  "Russia's Last Czar to be Sainted for 'Humility' of his Death, but not for his Life". From the Christianity Today website. Links to news stories.

The Lead-Up to Revolution

• General
  The Russian Revolution. Crib sheet from the "Modern History" Sourcebook from Fordham University. See particularly the section: "The Lead-Up to Revolution."
  The Path to Revolution. From the Official Site of the Russian National Tourist Office.

• Russo-Japanese War
  Russo-Japanese War. Encyclopedia entry. CBS.com.
  Portsmouth Treaty. Entry in infoplease.com.
  Treaty of Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War, 1905. From the World War I Document Archive at Brigham Young University.
  

• 1905 Revolution
  *1905 Revolution (15:00 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *Manifesto of October 1905. Primary source posted on the Durham University site. (Other documents on the revolutionary movement in Russia can be found at the Durham site (which contains many other good links to information on the Russian Revolution.
  The Revolution of 1905 in Russia. Lecture by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  The Bolsheviks and The First Revolution in Russia. By Casey D. Allen, Geographer, Ed.M.
  

• Duma
  *Period of the Duma (14:33 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.

• Stolypin
  The Stolypin Agrarian Reform. Excerpts (with a link to the full sources). From California Polytechnic State University.
  

• Rasputin
  Gregoriy Yefimovich Rasputin. Brief information (with links to other historical figures) from Bob Atchison's "Alexander Palace."
  Grigory Rasputin. A brief intro from the Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg.
  Yusupov Palace. A page from Saint-Petersburg.com (brief text with a picture).
  Felix Felixovich Yussupov. Biography of one of Rasputin's assassins from Bob Atchison's "Alexander Palace" page.
  Rasputin. Links to additional pages: "A Brief History," "His Calling," "His Myth," etc. From Daniel Barry.
  Rasputin. Poet. Magician. Healer. Prophet. Holy Monk. Link to a student project by Liz hollenbach.

• WWI
  *World War I (12:18 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  Tzarist Russia in the War. Chpt.2 from Leon Trotsky's The History of the Russian Revolution. Volume One: the Overthrow of Tzarism.
  The German Declaration of War on Russia. Presented by the German Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1 August, 1914). From the "World War I Document Archive."
  Posters from the Great War: Russia. Two Russian posters from WWI. From the site: "Trenches on the Web" (Mike Iavarone).
  The Willy-Nicky Telegrams. Telegrams from 19 July - 1 August, 1914, in the original English. From the "World War I Document Archive."
  3 March, 1918: The Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. From the "World War I Document Archive."
  Brest-Litrovsk. From the page by David Barnsdale: "Was Stalinism Implicit in October? A Green view on the Bolshevik Revolution.
  28 June, 1919: The Peace Treaty of Versailles. From the "World War I Document Archive."

The Russian Revolution

• The Russian Revolution - General
  *Revolutions and Civil War. Form countrystudies.us./russia. Sections on: "The February Revolution," "The Period of Dual Power," "The Bolshevik Revolution," "Civil War and War Communism."
  The Russian Revolution. Crib sheet from the "Modern History Sourcebook from Fordham University." See particularly the sections:
  
• Nicholas' Abdication
  15 March, 1917: Abdication of Nicholas II. Document from the World War I Document Archive.

• The Provisional Government
  The First Provisional Government. Statement from Izvestia 3 March 1917. (From the Durham University site.)

• Kerensky
  Alexander Kerensky. Links and original sources. From "www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk."
  Alexander Kerensky. Photo and a brief bio from "Fortune City."

• 1917 Revolution
  *The Russian Socialists (12:27 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *Bolsheviks (10:23 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *February Revolution (19:17 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *Dual Power (14:42 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *October Revolution (14:02). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  The Russian Revolution. By David Barnsdale. Links to many sites on the Revolution.
  Museum of Communism. "Lenin and the First Communist Revolution." Professor Brian Caplan, Dept of Economics, George Mason University "curator."
  The Russian Revolution of 1917. Text by G. Rempel.
  

• Lenin
  *Lenin (14:31 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *Lenin Internet Archive. Works. Biography. Images.
  *Lenin Museum. Index. . Museum in Red Square. Pictures. Links.
  Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Articles and images.
  Vladimir Il'ich Lenin. Home Page. ©Mc.Fozzy 1996-1998.
  Lenin's testatment. Lenin's directive to the Party to remove Stalin (made just before Lenin's death). From Stalinism: Its Origins & Future by Andy Blunden, 1993.
  Lenin. Hear Lenin speaking to the meeting of Russian Councils. From Funet Russian Archive.
  Lenin. Painting by V. Serov. From Funet Russian Archive.

• Krupskaya
  Krupskaya. Hear Lenin's wife speak. From Funet Russian Archive.

The Aftermath of Revolution

• The Aftermath of Revolution - General
  The Era of the New Economic Policy. From countrystudies.us./russia. Sections on: "Lenin's Leadership."

• Civil War - Kolchak; Wrangel
  The Russian Civil War: 1918-1921. Lecture by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College. Source: Donald W. Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, (Westview Press, 1987).
  From the Sea to the River: Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak and the Russian Civil War. From Wolfhound. 127th U.S. Army Division.
  Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions, VI: The Russian Civil War and the Russo-Polish War. From the Museum of Communism site.
  Russian Civil War. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

• Trotsky
  Lev Davidovich Trotsky. A biographical sketch by A.V. Lunacharsky.
  A History of the Russian Revolution. A few chapters from Trotsky's book on the Russian Revolution. [Read Chtp.4.:"The Tsar and the Tsarina".]

• Intervention
  Allied Expeditionary Force POWs, Siberia - 1919. Courtesy of Glenn Hyatt, WWI-L: Testimony before the 102nd US Congress, November 1991, concerning the AEF experience in Russia at the end of the Great War and the possible abandonment of American POWs.
  *The Russian Intervention, 1918-1920. From Wolfhound. 127th Division U.S. Army.
  *The 27th Infantry: AEF Siberia. From the 27th Infantry Regimental Historical Society, Inc. The WOLFPACK.
  *The Russian Intervention: The Trans-Siberian Railroad.
  Much Ado About Nothing: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War. From Prof. Bryan Caplan, Dept. of Economics, George Mason University.

• Soviet Union and the United States
  The Soviet Union and the United States. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. (An introduction.)
  Early Cooperation. A page from the Soviet Archvies Exhibit at the Library of Congress--information on famine relief and economic cooperation. Includes: a document on the food shipments to Russia; a note from the commissariat on Finances.
  Soviet and American Communist Parties. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes a testimony of Gitlow.

• After the Revolution - General
  Chayanov and Social Agronomy in Russia, 1918. Article by F. Sonchez de Puerta on Lenin's reforms.
  Russian Archives. From the Library of Congress "Russian Archives Exhibit. Read in particular:
  • Attacks on Intelligentsia: Early Attacks
    
  • Attacks on Intelligentsia: Renewed Attacks
    
  • Attacks on Intelligentsia: Censorship
    
  • Attacks on Intelligentsia: Supressing Dissidents

• NEP
  The New Economic Policy. Page maintained by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  Lenin's N.E.P.. A page from Professor Joseph V. O'Brien, CUNY.

The Aftermath of Revolution - The Arts

• Agit-Prop
  Agit-Theater. From M. Denner at Northwestern U. Includes a video clip from one of the mass productions.

• Socialist Realism in the Arts
  *Virtual Museum of Political Art: Socialist Realism. A private collection by Patrick Horvath and Prim. Dr. Werner Horvath. Go to their *Slide Show for a visual demonstration of what Socialist Realism "looks" like.
  Socialist Realism. Russian Art Gallery. Pictures. From a larger site: Painting with the Hand and Eye of Marxism.
  *Neo-Realism and Socialist Realiam. From Northwestern.edu. [Follow the next page arrow to the end of this topic.]
  *New Gallery. A site specializing in Soviet Art (Socialist Realism) 1920's-1950's. Paintings, drawings, posters.

• Gorky
  Mark Twain and the Gorky Debacle. By Jim Zwick.
  Creative Quotations from Maxim Gorky. (Noted by Franklin C. Baer.)
  Maksim Gorky (1868-1936). Brief introduction to his work.
  Chekhov and Gorky. Photograph from "Funet"
  Gorky's Mother. an excerpt from a senior honors thesis by Kevin D. Werbach, University of California at Berkeley.
  Confronting Life. A sketch by Gorky. (Posted at the University of Virginia Library.)

• Russian Film
  Russians Find Sweet Escape in Soviet Celluloid. Article by David Hoffman, Washington Post Foreign Service (May 21, 1997) p.A25.
  Lenfilm's Fall From Grace. Article by John O'Mahony. (From the St. Petersburg Times, 1998.

• Eisenstein
  Eisenstein and Cartoon Sound. Article by Douglas Kahn, artist and writer, Associate Professor in Arts and Sciences at Arizona State University West.
  Sergei M. Eisenstein. His "filmography" (i.e. list of his films and his work).

• Zoshchenko
  Mikhail M. Zoshchenko. Brief biographical note by Clarence Brown.
  Attacks on Intelligentsia: Renewed Attacks. A little bit about the suppressive atmostphere after WWII in which Zoshchenko wrote. From the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress.

• Ilf and Petrov
  Ilya Ilf and Yevgeniy Petrov. Brief introduction from Odessa Web.
  Evgeny Petrov. Picture of Petrov from Odessaglobe site.
  Ilya Ilf. Picture of Ilf from Odessaglobe site.

• Lubok
  *Russian Lubok. Popular print books. Site developed by Alexander Boguslawski

• Avant-Garde
  Avant-garde. Avant-Garde and Russian Art, 1900-1930. Copyright (C) 1998 The State Russian Museum.

• Annenkov
  Storming of the Winter Palace. Picture on George Mitrevsky's site at Auburn University.

• Malevich
  Malevich,Kasimir. From WebMuseum Paris. Contributors: Mark Harden and Carol Gerten-Jackson. Some of Malevich's works, plus links to "Cubism," "Futurism" etc.
  Malevich. Long list of links to paintings (with brief descriptions), with some links to some of his works which you can resize to fit your screen. At the Artchive.
  The Commissar of Space. By John Goto. Reflections on M's final year's in Stalinist Russia.
  

• Tatlin
  Architect Vladimir Tatlin. Very brief Biography.
  Monument to the Third International. An architectural icon. Various views of the project.
  Model for the 3rd International Tower, 1919-1920. From Russian art site at Auburn U.
  Tatlin - Relief. Artwork.
  Vladimir Tatlin - Female Model. Artwork.
  

• Meyerhold
  Vsevolod Meyerhold. Biography. Pictures. From Early Twentieth Century Russian Drama.
  Vsevolod Meyerhold. From the Meyerhold Memorial Museum.
  The bio-mechanical system of Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold... Explained and amplified.
  Meyerhold and the Theatre Theatrical. From TheatreHistory.com.
  

• Stravinsky
  *An Amazing Creative Outburst: Four ballets by Stravinsky. On Firebird, Petroushka, Rite of Spring, Apollo. Text by Max Harrion.
  *Igor Stravinsky. Biographical information, introduction to some of his religious works, link to online soundclips, links, etc. From Victor Huang.
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (1882-1971). A few links from Pasi Nousiainen.
  Igor Stravinsky. Time Magazine's salute to one of the 100 most important people (for the arts) of the century.
  *Igor Stravinsky. A bit about the composer along with links. Copyright © 1995-1998 by L.D. Lampson & Classical Net.
  Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971). .K.). All these were written after Stravinsky's 70th birthday, and he continued to compose into his mid-80s, also conducting concerts and making many gramophone records of his music. During this period, too, he and Craft published several volumes of conversations. Extracted with permission from The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music
  Igor Stravinsky - Picture Gallery. Nine photos and sketches. Presented by Matt Boynick.

• Nabokov
  The " Interviews." A section of Maksim Moshkow's site (in Russian); at the bottom of the page there are many links to interviews (in English) with Nabokov. They include...
  
  • Nabokov's Interview in Wisconsin Studies (1967).
    
  • Nabokov's Interview in Playboy (1964).
    
  • Nabokov's Interview in The Paris Review (1967).
    
  • Nabokov's Interview in The Sunday Times (1969).
    
  • Nabokov's Interview in Novel (1970).
    
  *Zembla - the Nabokov Butterfly Net. Links to such thing as: current events, special features, scholarly resources (including a link to his homes and haunts), Nabokov sights, etc. Some sections not to miss:
  
  • Nabokronology. Guide to Vladimir Nabokov's life and works in four parts
    
  • Nabokov Sites
    
  • Nabokov's Grave Site. Photo
    
  • Virtual Tour of 47 Bol'shaya Morskaya (St. Petersburg)
    
  Nabokov. Ardis Picture Archives.
  

• Zamiatin
  A Soviet Heretic: Yevgeny Zamyatin. A brief book review by Danny Yee.

• Mayakovsky
  *Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky 1893-1930. Collection of his poems (includes sound files); Timeline; links to other Mayakovsky pages. From the Poet Page (Northwestern University).
  *Mayakovsky and His Circle. Leads to his room, links to his poems, cinema, pictures, graphic designs, sound. From Mayakovsky.com.
  The State Museum of V. V. Mayakovsky. Take a tour, see pictures, read some lines of his poetry.

• Esenin
  Isadore Duncan, Dance Performance. Wife of Esenin...a picture of the couple on this page. From National Association of Artists Organizations.
  Sergei Esenin. Complete collection of his poetry [in Russian! Koi8]

• Pasternak
  *Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. About him and his works and including a bilingual collection of his poetry. From the Poet Page.
  Boris Pasternak (1890-1960). A little bit about him, a picture, and his poem "The Nobel Prize". From the page "Rich Geib's Heroes".

• Blok's "The Twelve" (and other poems)
  The Twelve - Alexander Blck. Translation by Avril Pyman, 1989. (Also available in Russian at this site.) Select the right circle to seek out the poem.
  *Aleksander Aleksandrovich Blok. From the "Poet Page." Includes pictures and poems. Includes some poems read aloud. (Bilingual Anthology)
  Poetic Artistry and Political Ambiguity: Pushkin and Blok Remain Objective and Balanced. Essay by John Kennedy on Blok's "The Twelve" and Pushkin's "Bronze Horseman".

Stalin Comes to Power

• The Stalin Era
  The Era of the New Economic Policy. From countrystudies.us./russia. Sections on: "Stalin's Rise to Power," "Foreign Policy, 1921-28" and "Society and Culture in the 1920s."
  Transformation and Terror. From countrystudies.us./russia. Sections on: "Industrialization and Collectivization," "The Purges," "Mobilization of Society," "Foreign Policy, 1928-39."

• Stalin
  The Cult of Stalin. Student project by Jake Fey. (St. Lawrence University, 1997).
  Soviet Archives Entrance Room. Library of Congress Soviet Archives Exhibit. The "First Floor" part of the exhibit has some pages on "Repression and Terror," "The Gulag," etc.
  Another View of Stalin. Book by Ludo Martens. [Read the section that interests you most from the table of contents.]
  Was Stalinism implicit in October? A Green View on the Bolshevik Revolution. Article by David Barnsdale (some sections of which are referred to below).

• Kirov
  Transport Department. On the Kirov murder and purges. A page from the "Soviet Archives Exhibit."

• Zhdanov
  Attacks on Intelligentsia: Renewed Attacks. [Read this particular section]from the "Soviet Archives Exhibit."]

• Collectivization and Industrialization (Five-Year Plans)
  Collectivization and Industrialization. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes: a memo on the collectivization of livestock; a letter on the conditions of the kolkhoz farms; a memorandum about kolkhoz conditions; an order for a hanging.
  Collectivization. from the book Another View of Stalin. by Ludo Martens.
  Ukrainian Famine. From the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes a letter on the grain problem.
  

• The Purges (Repression / Terror / Deportations / Anti-Religious Campaigns)
  Repression and Terror: Stalin in Control. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes: letter from Rykov; speech of Bukharin; study of Kirov's murder.
  Attacks on Intelligentsia. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes: a letter to Gorky; Marietta Shaginian's novel condemned; list of persons (whose works were to be elimintated); and a statistical report... (along with later documents on the dissidents). [Read some more of this page...if you haven't already read it all (see above).]
  Jewish Antifascist Committee. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit (Library of Congress). Includes a document about the Jewish Antifascist Committee.
  Terror. A section from the article "Was Stalinism Implicit in October. Green view on the Bolshevik Revolution" by David Barnsdale.
  Deportations. Forcible resettlement of minority peoples. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes a document on the Crimean Tatars.
  Secret Police. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes an article on the "United Press" from the secret archive of the Central Committee.
  Anti-Religious Campaigns. A page from the Soviet Archives Exhibit at the Library of Congress. Includes: a letter from Gorky to Stalin; and a letter from Lenin.

• The Gulag
  The Gulag. From the Library of Congress Soviet Archives Exhibit.
  

• The Cult of Stalin
  Who was the architecht of the "Cult of Stalin"?. Book review.
  Merrily We Control Along...". Book Review of Thank You, Comrade Stalin by Jeffrey Brooks.
  Virtual Museum of Political Art. A private collection by Patrick Horvath and Prim. Dr. Werner Horvath. Nine slides showing Socialist Realist depictions of Stalin and Lenin.
  

Back to the SOAR course page: "St. Petersburg, Russia"

To the page: "St. Petersburg: Miracle, Mystery, Authority"

To "Dr. R. Kreuzer's Russian Web Page"

Last update: 2/22/05