SOAR (Spring, 2005)

WEEK 1
Peter the Great and the Rise of St. Petersburg

Read all the sections, including the linked primary material, on the following site:

• *Peter the Great's Revolution. Brief general summaries of aspects of Peter's reign ("Changes in Appearance," "The Barber," "Peter and Serfdom," "Reforming the Church," "The Table of Ranks," "Victory at Poltava," "Problems of Succession" "Drinking at Peter's Palace,"St. Petersburg," "Peter as Antichrist," "He Has Given Birth to Russia,"The Bronze Horseman [the poem]," "The Bronze Horseman [the statue]," "The Reforming Tsar's Revolution," "Progress Through Coercion," along with links to primary sources.

• *Pre-history of St. Petersburg
• *When and How was St. Petersburg Founded
  
• *St. Petersburg of Peter The Great.

Listen to some of these suggested multi-media lectures from the series A History of Russia by Professor Michael Petrovich (recorded in 1987 before the Soviet Union dissolved), published on the web site of the Center for Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (N.B.: You will need Realplayer 5.0 to listen and view the lectures):

• Russian Geography (8:11 min.)
  
• 17th Century Russia (7:55 min.)
  
• Peter the Great Part 1 (10:15 min.)
  
• Peter the Great Part 2 (12:56 min.)
  
• Peter the Great Part 3 (9:09 min.)
  

SUPPLEMENTARY LINKS:

Russia and St. Petersburg on the Map.

Russian Geography (8:11 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.

Skip to...

Primary Sources, Scholarly and General Articles on Peter the Great
Before Peter the Great Took Power. Moscow. The Kremlin. The Romanov Dynasty. The Church.
People Associated with Peter the Great
Places Associated with Peter the Great
Peter Creates a Military and Naval Power
Peter Builds a Civil Society
Founding and Growth of St. Petersburg
Life in Peter's Petersburg
Peter's Death and Legacy

Primary Sources, Scholarly and General Articles on Peter the Great

• Some Primary Sources
  Domostroi. Excerpts (in English) from this mid-16th century text that preaches on how to raise the kids, cure ailments, and how wives are supposed to be obedient to their husbands. From John Slatter's "Russian History Home Page."
  Decree on Single Inheritance, March 23, 1714 . Translated by Daniel Field. From theDocuments in Russian History site.
  How Russians Celebrated the Year 1700: Proclamation on the Introduction of a New Calendar, December 20, 1699. Translated by Nathaniel Knight. From the Documents in Russian History site. *Peter the Great and the Rise of Russia, 1682-1725. From the Modern History Source Book. Contains these articles: Bishop Burnet, "Peter the Great 1698"; Von Korb, "Diary 1698-99 "; General Alexander Gordon, "History of Peter the Great, 1718"; Jean Rousset de Missy, "Life of Peter the Great, c. 1730".
  *Will of Peter the Great. "In which he prescribes to his successors the course which they ought to follow in order to acquire universal dominion."
  

• Scholarly Sources
  Pavel Miliukov on the reforms of Peter the Great. Translated by Nathaniel Knight. From the Documents in Russian History site.
  *Peter's Russia. Lecture by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  The Personality of Peter. Another lecture by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  Peter and Russian History. Lecture by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.

• Recorded multi-media lectures by Michael Petrovich
  *Peter the Great Part 1 (10:15 min.)
  *Peter the Great Part 2 (12:56 min.)
  *Peter the Great Part 3 (9:09 min.)
  

• Short General Articles
  Early Imperial Russia. From countrystudies.us/russia. Read the section on "Peter the Great and the Russian Empire."
  *Peter the Great (Peter Alexeevich). A page from the "Treasures of the Tsars" from the St. Petersburg Times [Florida].
  *The Romanovs. See the short section on Peter. (From Interknowledge Corp.)
  *History. A brief summary of Peter's reign and the building of St. Petersburg, and those rulers who followed. (From Zulphiya.)
  *Russia's Reforming Tsar: Peter the Great. From "Ursula's History Web. Includes some words on "Peter's Visit to Western Europe."
  Peter the Great: Peter as Frat-boy:drunken orgies, boat building, and dinner parties. From "History House: an irreverant history magazine."
  

• (images):
  Portrait of Peter the Great. Painted by Aleksey Antropov. On "Olga's Gallery" site.
  Frontispiece for the "Book of Mars". With a portrait of Peter I, 1712 by A. Zubov. On the National Library of Russia site.
  

• (in Russian)
  The Dust of Centuries. Here is a nice site on Peter...if you can read Russian! (The pictures are interesting for anyone.)
  

Before Peter the Great Took Power
Moscow. The Kremlin. The Romanov Dynasty. The Church.

• Historical Time-Line
  *Timeline. From "Face of Russia." WETA-TV. With RealPlayer you can also get audio clips of some of the highlights along the timeline. Lots of additional information if you click on the highlighted topics.

• Early Russian History - General
  *History. From countrystudies.us/russia. Sections on: "The Early History," "The Inhabitants of the East European Plain," "The East Slavs and the Varangians," "The Golden Age of Kiev," "The Rise of Regional Centers," "The Mongol Invasion"

• Moscow History
  *History of Moscow. A page from The Moscow Guide.
  *Muscovy. From countrystudies.us/russia. Sections on: "The Rise of Muscovy," "The evolution of the russian Aristocracy," "Ivan IV," "The Time of Troubles," "The Romanovs," "Expansion and Westernization."
  State Historical Museum. Home page. Descriptions of collections.
  Moscow the Third Rome. [Primary Source] Excerpts from the monk Filofei. (On the University of Durham site.)
  

• The Kremlin
  *The Kremlin. Copyright © 2001-2002 Moscow Hotels, JSC.
  *Kremlin Tour. From The Moscow Guide.

  (in Russian)
  *Moscow Kremlin. Home page. Includes: map, history, exhibitions, museum collections, etc. [in Russian]

• The Romanov Dynasty
  17th Century Russia (7:55 min.). Recorded multi-media lecture by Professor Michael Petrovich.
  *The Romanov Dynasty. An easily readable chart with all the appropriate personages--the actual rulers in red.
  *The Russian Monarchy. A picture and brief text on each from Peter the Great through Nicholas II. From the State Museum at Tsarskoe selo. [Scroll down to pictures and texts]
  *House of Romanov. Family tree (from Bucknell University site).
  *Russian Czars, 1613-1917; The Romanov Dynasty. How to "address" a tsar. A brief family tree. From St. Petersburg Times "Treasures of the Czars" site.
  *Face to Face with the Czars. Takes you to information on all the Romanov tsars and tsarinas (by century). Includes information about each and a portrait of each: rulers before Peter's time and rulers after Peter's time Part I and Part II. From St. Petersburg Times "Treasures of the Czars" site.
  Coins and Medals of Imperial Russia. Collection of coins and medals from Yale University. Includes brief descriptions of the tsars/tsarinas, along with their pictures (enlarged versions available). Closeups of the coins and medals also.

• Misc.
  Cap of Monomakh of the Second Order. Picture (of the actual crown Peter wore at his coronation). From the St. Petersburg Times "Treasures of the Czars."
  *The Treasures. Gallery tour or tsarist treasures (crown, tapestry, icon cover, etc.). From St. Petersburg Times [St. Petersburg, Florida!] "Teasures of the Czars" site.
  Did you know.... Some trivia from the St. Petersburg Times site: "Treasures of the Czars."
  Presidents and Czars. Answers the question: which Presidents of the US where in office during the reign of which tsars and what were the major events? From St. Petersburg Times "Treasures of the Czars" site.

• Russian Orthodox Church
  The Christianization of Russia. From the Durham University's Russian Department's home page. Story taken from The Primary Chronicle.
  The Russian Orthodox Church to 1453. From the Durham University site. An overview = dates, events, etc.
  *Russian Orthodox Church: Features and Practices. (Page from the "Treasures of the Czars" site.)
  *The Russian Church: An Overview. (Another page from the "Treasures of the Czars" site.)

• Icons
  *Icons. Pictures and text © Alexander Boguslawski.
  Icons of Old Russia:13th-17th centuries. A page from the Hermitage Museum site (with a full description and picture of 4 different icons).
  *What is an Icon?. Answer to this question from St. Petersburg Times "Treasures of the Czars" site.
  *Ikons: Windows into Heaven. Description of the history, the craft of icons, along with some contemporary models. Site from Bob Atchison.
  European History: Understanding Russian Icons. From the Milwaukee public museum. (Reprint of an article by Lazar Brkich giving advice on puchasing icons.)
  Novgorodian Icon Painting. From the Novgorod home page.
  *The Use of Icons in the Russian Orthodox Church. A beautiful little site with links and relevant bibliography. (By Denise Denton.)
  Color Icons. Brought together on the Orthodox Home page.
  *Russian Icons: Index. 81 icons on this page to link to. (From George Mitrevski.)
  *The Trinity. Andrei Rublev's most famous icon.

• Church bells
  Vologda Bells. Sound clip from "Face of Russia" from WETA-TV. [You need RealAudio to hear this clip]

People Associated with Peter the Great

• Streltsy (old guard court troops)
  *Morning of the Streltsy. Painting by Vasily Surikov.

• The Nobles
  The Making of a Russian Nobleman. Article by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.
  The Education of a Russian Nobleman. Another article by Professor Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.

• Tsar Aleksei Mihailovich (Peter's father)
  Alexei Mikhailovich. A very brief introduction from the site "Treasures of the Czars."
  *Samuel Collins on the Court of Aleksei Mikhailovich (1670). (Eye witness account) From the "Documents of Russian History" site.

• Sophia (Peter's half sister)
  Sofia Alexeevna. Ruler of Russia 1682-1689. From the St. Petersburg Times site.
  *Princess Sofia. Portrait by Ilya Repin.

• Alexis (Alexei) (Peter's son)
  Peter the Great's Family Values. From "History House: an irreverent history magazine."
  Portrait of Alexei. (Peter the Great's son by Evdokia). Portrait by Johann Tannauer, 1710. From "A Colorful and Pictorial History."
  *Peter Interogating his Son Alexis. Portrait by Nikolai Ge.
  

• Catherine I (Peter's second wife)
  Catherine I, Empress of Russia. Robert Nisbet Bain, Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. 1910 Vol. 5 pgs. 525-526
  Catherine I of Russia. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
  Great Russian Women: Catherine I. Brief notes from Microsoft Encarta.
  Catherine I. Brief article from the site "Treasures of the Czars."
  After Peter the Great: Struggles for the Throne Portrait of Catherine I. by Ivan Nikitin. Posted on the Olga's Gallery site.
  Russian Rulers. Wax image of Peter the Great and Catherine. Display in the museum in Simbirsk, Russia.

• Alexander Menshikov (Peter's best friend and governor of Petersburg)
  *Menshikov in Beriozovo. Portrait by Vasily Surikov.

Places Associated with Peter the Great

• Kolomenskoe (Peter's childhood residence near Moscow)
  *Kolomenskoe. A picture and a little bit of history about this place from Katherine Lawson.
  *Museum-Reserve Kolomenskoye. The home page of the museum complex. Learn about the museum, the architectual monuments (16th, 17th cents.), and treasures there.

• Cabin of Peter I (Peter's first residence in Petersburg)
  *Cabin of Peter The Great. Page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  Peter's House. Built in three days for Peter in 1703. (From The Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg. )
  Cabin of Peter I. From the site "Saint-Petersburg_Hotels.com.

• Peter-Paul Fortress (First city structure built in Petersburg)
  *Peter and Paul Fortress. From the Saint_Petersburg_Hotels.com.
  *The Peter and Paul Fortress. A page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  *Peter and Paul Fortress. Lots of pictures from the site "Tickets of Russia." Thumbnail pictures lead you to a larger view, plus text. © The State Museum of History of St.Petersburg.
  Peter and Paul Fortress. From the site "All about St. Petersburg for Tourists." [Has a nice map.]
  Peter and Paul Fortress. From the Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg.
  St. Peter and Paul Fortress. From the "Saint Petersbourg" site.
  Peter and Paul Fortress. Pictures and a brief introduction from Zulphiya.
  *Peter Paul Fort. Beautiful photos by Petr Sobolev. [Text in Russian]

• Peter and Paul Cathedral (Built in the Peter-Paul Fortress, resting place of Peter the Great and all the Romanov tsars/tsarinas since Peter)
  *St. Peter and Paul Cathedral. Includes more text and pictures on Cathedral Decorations for Burial Ceremonies, Burial for the last Czar Nicholas II and his family, and Peter and Paul Fourtress. [From the site "Saint Petersbourg". This site is rich in pictures and text (on palaces, churches and cathedrals, other buildings, monuments and squares.)] Hosted by fortunecity.com. [site currently marred by pop-up ads]
  *The Cathedral of the Apostles of Sts. Peter and Paul. Photos by Boris Kuznetsov.
  *Interior of Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. More photos by Boris Kuznetsov.
  

• Admiralty (Peter's naval dockyard and naval ministry in Petersburg)
  *Admiralty. From "Saint_Petersburg_Hotels.Com"
  *Admiralty. A page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  Admiralty. Brief introduction and a picture. (From Zulphiya)
  Admiralty. Picture and text from "All about Saint Petersburg for tourists."
  Admiralty. Photo taken from St. Isaac's Cathedral. Photo from "Expo '96."
  Admiralty. A night shot. Photo from "Expo '96."
  The Admiralty Tower. A photo from St. Petersburg State Technical University.
  St. Petersburg, the Capital of the Russian Fleet. A history of Peter's building the Russian Navy...centered at the Admiralty.
  

• Kronstadt (Peter's principal naval base)
  *Kronstadt. 300 years of its founding. Nice collection of views, old maps, old postcards, etc. and a good introduction to the history of the place from the time of Peter the Great.
  Wandering Camera. Notes about St. Petersburg and its suburbs. Album 118. Photos and text from Petr Sobolev.
  Kronshtadt. A page from "All about Saint Petersburg for tourists."

• Vasilievsky Island (Originally set by Peter to be the center of the city)
  *Vasilevsky Island Panorama. Wonderful pan of the area from Aleksei Korsakov.
  *Welcome to Vasilevsky Island. Student page by Terence Too. Gives some history, pictures and links.
  *Vasilevsky Island. Another student page featuring the island. This one by R. Ryan.
  *Stock Exchange. Information on the monuments on Vasilevsky Island. A page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  Strelka. A note on the spit from "The Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg."
  Neva Near the Vasilevsky Island's Spit. From EXPO96 site.
  

• Kunstkamera (Peter's museum of curiosities)
  *Russia's First Museum: The Kunstkamera. Student website by E. Seyse.
  *Kunstkammer. Home page for the museum.
  *Kunstkamera. Peter the Great's museum of oddities. From the Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg.
  Peter the Great's Oddities. From Jakob Staehlin. Original Anecdotes of Peter the Great. (New York: Arno Press, 1970), 92-93, 94-95, 234-235. Quoted from the Online source Mosaic Unit 11: Changing World Views / European Societies.
  The Kunstkammer. Copyright © 2000 Optima Ltd. All rights reserved.
  The Kunstkammer. From Tickets of Russia. [Nice picture]
  Kunstkamera. Peter's "cabinet of curiosities." Dartmouth site.
  Kunstkammer. St. Petersburg Architecture. University of Michigan. Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.
  

• Twelve Colleges (Housed Peter's 12 government ministries)
  Twelve Colleges. The Building of the Twelve Ministries in Saint Påtersburg. Third quarter of the XVIII century. Artist unknown. Posted on the Russian Museum site.
  The Twelve Colleges. St. Petersburg in Architecture. University of Michigan. Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.
  St. Petersburg State University: The "Twelve Colleges" building. From Saint_Petersburg.com.

• Menshikov Palace (Petersburg palace of Peter's friend A. Menshikov; Peter entertained here and met his future second wife here)
  *Menshikov Palace. Home Page (from off the Hermitage Museum Home Page). [Photos and text]
  *Menshikov Palace. A page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  The Menshikov Palace. Copyright © 2000 Optima Ltd. All rights reserved.
  Menshikov Palace. St. Petersburg in Architecture. University of Michigan. Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.

• Winter Palace of Peter-the-Great (Peter's first main winter residence in Petersburg)
  The Palace of Peter I. Information about this unique 18th century palace recently uncovered. From the Hermitage Museum home page.

• Summer Palace of Peter-the-Great (Peter's in-town modest summer residence)
  *The Summer Garden and Summer Palace of Peter the Great. A page from the Virtual Tour from Saint-Petersburg.com.
  *The Summer Palace. St. Petersburg Architecture. University of Michigan. The Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning.
  *Summer Palace. Pictures from Album #50 from "Wandering Camera."

• Summer Gardens (Laid out by Peter outside his Summer Palace)
  *Summer Gardens and Summer Palace. Text from Fresh Guide to St. Petersburg.
  *Summer Gardens. Album 49 from "Wandering Camera."
  Autumn in the Summer Gardens. A photo from St. Petersburg State Technical University.
  

• Peterhof (= Petrodvorets) (Peter's grand out-of-town summer palace)
  *The Treasures of Russia. Narrated visual tours of Peterhof: Palaces of the Tsars. Real Networks plug-in will allow you hear the narration for each exhibit; to experience the interactive panoramas, you need QuickTime. Tour the Romanov Gallery, Monplaisir, Assembly Hall, Drawing Room, Fountains, Grand Staircase, Dining with the Tsars, etc.
  *The Fountains of Peterhof. About ~80 pictures! From "Tickets of Russia."
  *Peterhof. Home page for the museum. Contains good information and a wonderful assortment of pictures and panoramic views and some short movies of the place.
  *Peterhof. Museum site [in Russian but full of great pictures, including what it looked like after WWII].
  *Peterhof Fountains. Check out the next sections as well, also of the fountains at Peterhof.] Especially beautiful, the Petergof (Petrodvorets). A page from "All about Saint Petersburg for tourists." Includes a map.
  Peterhof. From Saint_Petersburg_Hotels.com.
  Wandering Camera: Notes about St. Petersburg and its Suburbs. Hundreds of great photographs by Peter Sobolev. See particularly:
  • Album 132 Pictures of firework celebrations at Peterhof.
  • Album 26
  • Album 29. Fall photos
  *Peterhof. A page from the Virtual Tour by Saint-Petersburg.com.
  *Peter I in "Mon Plaisir". Portrait of Peter by Valentin Serov.
  Peterhof. From Saint_Petersburg_Hotels.com.

• Oranienbaum (Originally an estate given to Peter's friend, A. Menshikov)
  *Oranienbaum. Text, pictures and a map, plus links to some of the specific sites at the place. Fortune City. [Scroll to the pictures]
  Lomonosov/Oranienbaum. Some pictures from the sight "Lindsay goes to Russia."
  Lomonosov (Oranienbaum). From "All About Saint Petersburg for Tourists."
  Oranienbaum. Copyright © 2003. Tour Classic.
  Oranienbaum. Picture of the palace by H. Lehmann.
  Oranienbaum. Pictures from "Wandering Camera."
  Oranienbaum. Prince Menshikov's country residence. Photo by William P. Tishler, 1999.
  Lomonosov. Copyright © 1998-2001 Sergey Fedorov.
  St. Petersburg: Suburbs: Lomonosov/Oranienbaum. Brief description and a picture from travel.sp.ru

Peter Creates a Military and Naval Power

• Peter Creates a Navy
  Under the Romanovs. A page from the History of the Russian Navy. Towards the end of this page you will encounter Peter I. Peter I and the Azov Fleet. Learn about "The Great Northern War" by reading these chapters: *From Narva to Poltava, Vyborg and Gangut, In the Baltic, and *The Legacy of Peter I. From The History of the Russian Navy. From the publishing house "Alexander PRINT"
  *St. Petersburg the Capital of Russian Fleet. Information from EXPO96 (Neva.ru) on Petersburg as a marine city.
  Central Naval Museum. Home page. History, collections, etc. (includes Peter's boat that he built).
  

• Battle of Narva (Sweden defeats Peter's troops in 1700)
  *From Narva to Poltava Definitely read this chapter (also listed just above). A page from the History of the Russian Navy.
  *The Battle at Narva. A brief description of the battle from Lina Hult.
  The Battle of Narva". Site created by Magnus Källgren.
  Narva. Painting of the attack on Narva (Nov.19, 1700). From the site [in Russian] "The Dust of Centuries." [see above]
  

• The Battle of Poltava (Peter's turning point victory over King Charles XII of Sweden in 1708)
  *Russia Under Peter the Great. Map (from SUNY Binghampton) shows Poltava site and Peter's Russia.
  *The Decline of a Great Power: The Battle of Poltava. From a history of the Swedish encounter with Peter's troops by Lina Hult.
  Battle of Poltava. Painting of the battle of Poltava (27 June, 1709) posted on the "The Dust of History" site [text in Russian]
  Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. Icon carried into the Battle of Poltava. From a page from Pallasweb.com.
  

Peter Builds a Civil Society

• "The Great Embassy" (Peter's diplomatic mission to Western Europe)
  Great Embassy. Peter's diplomatic mission to Western Europe (from Alexey Shelomentsev and Arseny Tsaplev for "Ship History").

• Peter's Table of Ranks (Civil Service ranks set up by Peter)
  Table of Ranks. From the Bucknell University site.

• Peter's Church Reforms
  Ways of Russian Orthodoxy. Chapter IV. The St. Petersubrg Revolution: The Character of the Petrine Reforms. Scholarly work by George Florovsky. Published online by Myriobiblos (Church of Greece).
  

Founding and Growth of St. Petersburg

• General Information on the Founding and Growth of St. Petersburg
  *Pre-history of St. Petersburg. Excellent site from saint-petersburg.com. [Follow the path through this site to find information on: *When and How was St. Petersburg Founded and *St. Petersburg of Peter The Great.
  *Tsarskoe Selo. See the first three chapters ("From the Earliest Times," "Swedish Domination," "Reconquest of Peter the Great") for the history of this famous St. Petersburg area town and how it changed over Peter's reign.
  Amazing St. Petersburg. The story of the building of Petersburg begins here [Click the "Forward" button at the bottom of the page to advance the story.]
  

Life in Peter's Petersburg

• Peter's Contemporaries on Peter
  *Modern History Sourcebook: Peter the Great and the Rise of Russia, 1682-1725. Commentary from 1) Bishop Burnet, Peter the Great 1698, 2) Von Korb, Diary 1698-99, 3) General Alexander Gordon, History of Peter the Great, 1718, 4) Jean Rousset de Missy, Life of Peter the Great, c. 1730.

• Life at Court with Peter
  Peter the Great: Peter as Frat-boy: drunken orgies, boat building, and dinner parties. From History House, an irreverant history magazine.
  Russia's Dark Enlightenment. An article from "History House: an irreverent history magazine." An interpretive history of the Russian Court before, during and after Peter's time.

Peter's Death and Legacy

• Peter's Will
  *Will of Peter the Great. "In which he prescribes to his successors the course which they ought to follow in order to acquire universal dominion."

• Peter's Burial Place
  Tomb of Peter the Great. Photo.

• Peter's Continuing Legacy and Presence
  *Peter the Great: 18th Century. From the Hermitage Museum site.
  *Prehistoric Art: The Siberian Collection of Peter I. From the Hermitage Museum site, showing Russia's first archeological collection which Peter the Great assembled.
  Coins and Medals of Imperial Russia - Peter I. Coins dedicated to Peter I. Collection of Coins and Medals Yale University Art Gallery.
  (New statue to Peter the Great in Moscow). From "Wandering Camera." (Closeup of statue).
  Tsar Carpenter. Statue erected in St.Petersburg a few years ago. Full name: "Peter the I learns shipbuilding craft in the city of Saardam, in Holland in 1697." From the site "Wandering Camera."
  Shemiakin statue. Controversial statue unveiled in 1990. (closeup of Peter's hand). Dartmouth site.
  

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Last update: 3/14/05